Method and means for preserving perishable foodstuffs in transit



3 sheets-sheet 1 JONES INVENTOR. FREDERICK M, `JONES ATTORNEYS Filed Jan.v 14, v1952 Feb. 12, 1957 Feb. 12, 1957 F. M. JONES 2,780,923

METHOD AND MEANS FOR PRESERVING PERISHABLE FOODSTUF'F'S IN TRANSIT v f D 3f '91 v "f" INVENTOR.

N FREDERICK M.JONEs 0 BY i s Z1/4' ATTORNEYS 2,780,923 HABLE 5'- Sheets-Sheet 5 Feb. 12, 1957 F. M. JONES METHOD AND MEANS FOR PRESERVING PERIS FOODSTUFFS IN- TRANSIT Filed Jan. 14, 1952 ATTORNEYS 2,780,923 atnt Ice teete Feb; l2 19?? Untedstetee '2,*7,`9'^23" Mlrrrroi?A ANDMEANS `Fou PRESERVING PERISHABLE rooDsrUFrs 1N TRANSIT The'i-mo' King Corporation, a corporation of Minne- Sota rabtlfe trr is it tempergtilre wher er', Q f f. hly. harvested. Products, .the etreula? ,retrigefetig vehmlld be termineted ,.b'y, S11.-.-

y Is'eatlirig the sp'ac'e within which the products tre und other Iati nospheric conditions nec inepeieheble ,feeds Suche tree-h Pre ti-mee of 'harvesting and ciistiibuV titte eefieerlied With. .the eenetrusetlen frnepert ve. "l Slteheetruekereedreilitey eeteed armed-Le, ter @enti-91m t, tmospheric onditionsth'ereiri to preserve the nt'rl in normi `ali-r, but the t .illberedeed Thedee e' etmeephere ie eleee teeterihet A. et pi 'Hete ntlthe elent in i nt Nol 2,696,086, -space cii be controlledV by rapidly precooling g .Speeeerid .thertedurte .and the@ eealiri'g the Sii.. e,.a"r1'd ,die edu frem...theeirei1lated etree. .ther moisture Aereetftfer Wilt aise the relative humidity in the Spee rretmding, .the preduets;

.of qntoli .tileftriiiei space Within which fresh produce is ported. .has long been reeegnized, but .I hav .The frenan..

vvithoutcontrclling Limosnhjeric' con ions Heretofore naturtlyvaterice has been the principled cipally humidity, temperature control is rn f or refrigereting producedu ing transportfmm Losses. Systeme@ .inthefeeh predueeinduetr'y, endprit inteierigin. te.: .distant .mikem enti. iS rief .Seteipeltyfduririg the transpertetienof predllee. .fremrents iefaiety because, the; rate ef eeelingie very Slew, f

of origink to distant markets, amount to substantially 29% a o the vgor pressures of ice yand moisture sci closeof the total va1lue of Atheph \ito ciuc e hendl c l Whilnimy l as tocause precipi tion o'r at ileast the 'defproper temperature controlmuy be the cause of a of 40 velo nt o saturated condition,

the spoilage, mogldsand fungus @reelso g. caus e gf gn Becalus`e er ice has not been -completely satisfacv` eidereble Speilgeee, end tlieefeieeresites develepueven when tbry`,..,..it .heel been ei.,.g'en-.er'1 euefm te. edd e. eertein edequatecooligighojs beenprqvidied by lrezisqri of thePEQdmount `of 'salt to. ice to reduce Ytemperatures ud uce being maintained in a condition `of excessive humideventually form a b'r v e solutiomwlths also been eus'- ity AO n the other l1-end, .a great deal of produce is de- 45 'y to provide an air circulating means, .such :an fam preeiated in valuebeeauee ef the leek.. et euteientineiedriven. tremihe. .eer erle .eby .ether mee'nfe, teeirelete tur e i1 1 the atmosphere, and results in withering `of the the i'r in the storage spcep'ss'ing theairoverthe brine, produce. and thenciepver the produce. Continued circule-'tion It is now generally recognized that in t he -a be nce of lili y to produce freezing ,and because oi thesgliue clil refrigeration, produce fnotonly undergoes batrigtl de- Aa `c ter of the brine, cz 1 us'e's a continuous transfer of mo composition, .but also .undergoes :eJ naturel .respiratory Hire .f r. m. the! Pfuee 10 the brine lferetllte'n. ifs t' process in whieh .Oxygen is. absorbed, and.. meisture. 1.and Initiated,. etherireemg Qtfstretifeafiefli.resulteand p carbo-n dioxide is lgiven Doff. When fresh produce is se'rltsthe same problems mentioned in connection with the placed in a storage space or refrigerator car', andcolda-ir uscjo'f ice. is passed over theproduce, evaporationwillioceun 'I he 55 Iimej mechanical refrigerationand no more is used, evaporative process in and of itself produces @cooling or the bri 's circulated through a coil, moistureinor effect, b ut it must v be -carefully controlled sogas trotto on thle profr l passes to the evaporator or brine in exceed the rateolf natural respiration.v If moisture is not amounts depending on therate etwhich air circulated, removed as rapidly as it is evolved from fthe fresh presenting the likelihood of vvindburn if the rate oi zii'r produce, the v outer surface becomes damp enoughto movement is excessive, or str at iii cation if the ratte of ii readily support the growth of the fungusv and molds, travel is iiisutlicient 1 he danger o f stratica-tioii lies Whereas if the respiratory moisture is removed too .rapid- Iiitmilyl, Wide, vaxaiOIlS Of temperature but alSO Wid ily windbufrn occurs land results in s'hriveling of ,the variations in humidity surface or skin lo2 the produce. Moreover, since carbon I haveiond that in the cose ofstoiiing or transporting dioxide is eyolyedwith '1noistujre, this,sh0ul d alsoMbege- 65 fresh produce, that if the produce can be quielgtly `p'r e moved, si'ncein the case o extremeiydelioate produce cooled by circulation of refrigerated air to at least the su'ch as strawberries, the. presence of excessive.v4 amounts maximum storage temperature and thereafter tlievproduce of ,this gastendsto change the ii-aver `ofthe fruit. canbe sealed witliixra closed spoce and maintained in a Generally .speakng,.,wl.1.en preduethae .be/.erl .COP .d hltmdit'y low enough t0.' hbt beeterel echen, yie.

s uieientto inhibit baeterialction. the respiratoryproqess ifswcorrespondingly r ced and2 therefore proco `g is important. In the instance of 'freshly harvested prod- 65 S% ..ot Vsatojrfati'o'ii dinfg'on the patrticular u.t,..a, nelly idea. 'Ste .ge .eenditien exists; When properly preco'oled' and se'aled, the storage "space *a whole must be maintained limits, but this may be easily accomplished by externally cooling the sealed storage space. To prevent stratification during `prolonged periods of storage, the atmosphere within the sealed space should be gently circulated. In many instances the type of gases which are in contact with the food are important to its iiavor and keeping qualities `and therefore I may provide one or more devices for changing the atmospheric content such as an ozonator, an oxygen destroyer and a carbon dioxide absorber.

To accomplish the desired result I provide a main body which is thoroughly and adequately insulated against heat vleakage and the entry of outside atmosphere. Within the main structure I provide a produce chamber composed of material having a low thermal drop therethrough which Ais spaced from the main structure so as to provide for the circulation of air about Isubstantially all of the outer surfaces of the chamber. An air conditioning means is contained wi-thin a compartment that is connected by suitable passages with the interior of the chamber as well as the enclosed outer surrounding space. Suitable dampers are situated in some of the passages to direct the conditioned air through the cargo space to pre-cool the cargo and thereafter to seal the cargo chamber and direct the conditioned air about the outer surfaces of the chamber to externally cool the sealed chamber, and by a cold wall effect, absorb heat given olf by the produce. A small fan may be provided within the sealed space to gently circulate the air through defined passages to prevent stratiication and to bring the enclosed air into contact with the walls of the chamber whose outer 'surfaces are cooled by the air conditioning means.

In the case of railway cars, the operation of the dampers should at least be partially automatic so that when loaded, the car may be dispatched immediately and without waiting for the load to be pre-cooled :and the subsequent readjustment of the dampers at the point of loading. It is preferable therefore that the arrangement provide for moving the dampers to one position manually to permit pre-cooling, and when the controlled space has reached the desired temperature that the dampers be readjusted by a control system to terminate circulation of air between the mechanical cooling means and the load. Still further the damper control system should be arranged to prevent its being tampered with by unauthorized persons while the car 4is in transit.

An object of the invention is to provide a method of both precooling and refrigerating perishable products in transit by loading the products into a jacketed chamber whose surfaces are composed of material having a low thermal drop therethrough, which chamber is surrounded by an integral air duct in which refrigerated air is circulated, passing some of the circulated lair through the chamber in one or more short circuit paths for one continuous period until the space or products are precooled, thereafter permanently terminating the circulation of Iair between the duct and the interior of the chamber for the remainder of the transit period while continuing the cir- `composed of material having a 4low thermal drop therethrough, which enclosure is confined in a body of enveloping conditioned air that is forcibly circulated about the outer surfaces of the enclosure, land iny which the enclosure is provided with damper controlled openings tformingcommuuioation with thecirculated air, passing ,'some of thc circulated air through the damper controlled openings until the products have been initially cooled `to `a-predetermined lower temperature, whereaffter the within the desired temperature damper controlled openings are permanently closed to terminate the interchange between the conditioned aii and the product-s `and permit the latter to continue their respiratory process Iat the lowered temperature in la cooled isolated atmosphere.

Another object is to provide a method of treating |and preserving perishable fod products in transit, which in addition to the steps set forth above includes an'additional step of regulating the atmosphere in contact with the product to raise or lower the oxygen content of the atmosphere Ito increase the keeping qualities of the products.

Another object is to provide a conditioned air transport vehicle containing an isolated cargo chamber about which conditioned air is circulated, said chamber containing damper controlled openings for controlling the flow of conditioned air through the chamber, together with construction within the chamber to circulate the conditioned air entering the damper controlled openings in one set of diverse paths to pre-cool the product, and when the dampers are closed to circulate the air within the chamber in other diverse paths to prevent stratification of the air in contact with the product.

A further object is to provide in a transport vehicle containing an isolated cargo chamber about which conditioned air is circulated and provided with damper controlled openings for admitting circulated air into the chamber, temperature responsive means capable of permanently closing the dampers when the temperature has been initially reduced to a predetermined lower temperature, together with safety means which assures that the dampers cannot thereafter be accidentally latched in an open position.

Other and further objects may become apparent from the following specification and claims and in the appended drawings in which:

Fig. l is a longitudinal section through a railway car taken on line 1-1 of Fig. 2, looking in the direction of the arrows;

Fig. 2 is a plan view taken on line 2-2 of Fig. l, showing parts in section and other parts broken away;

Fig. 3 is a vertical section taken on line 3-3 of Fig. 2, looking in the direction of the arrows;

Fig. 4 is a schematic showing of the damper control mechanism illustrated in Figs. 1, 2 and 3;

Fig. 5 is a longitudinal section of a highway carrier, sidhowing a modification of the invention illustrated in ig. l;

Fig. 6 is a vertical section taken on line 6 6 of Fig. 5, looking in the direction of the arrows;

Fig. 7 is an enlargement of a portion of the structure shown in Fig. 6 with parts broken away to show interior construction; and,

Fig. 8 is a plan view of the construction shown in Fig. 7 with parts broken away to show interior construction.

Referring now to the several figures of the drawing, the invention will be described in detail. General reference numeral 10 indicates a railway car intended primarily for the transportation of perishable foodstuffs. As seen in Figs. l and 3, the car contains an under carriage 12 and the conventional trucks 14 which support the vehicle for mobility. The vehicle body consists of an outer shell composed of a top wall 16, a bottom wall 18, side walls 20 and 22, and end walls 24, 26. As clearly shown in Fig. 2, the side walls 20 and 22 are provided with cargo doors 28 and 30.

As best seen in Fig. 3, the bottom wall 18 of the shell supports multiple layers of thermal insulation 32 that extend between a multiplicity of longitudinal stringers 34 and over which is a lloor surface 36. The side and end walls also carry multiple layers of thermal insulation designated at 38, 40. The layer 38 is internally supported by a plurality of vertically extending Z-bars 42 while the inner layer 40 is supported by a plurality of longitudinally extending members 44. The outer and assurons inner surfaces of `the layers of insulation A38 `and 40' are coated by an air impervious layer 46 which ymay "be sprayed and consists of a vsuitable elastic which Withstands wide variations in temperature withoutfdamag'e. Surrounding the innergside of the second layer of insulation 40 is a layer of plywood 48 which forms la smooth surface en the inner side of the insulation. The vtop V16 of theshell carries a heavy layer of insulation 50 A'and beneath it a second layer of insulation "52 which is 4reinforced by longitudinally extending members 56. The plywood walls 48, heretofore described as surrounding the inner sides of the lateral vinsulating layers, also extends across the top of the underside of layer 52 and with the floor 36 completely enc-ases the several layers of insulation.

legardless of the type or number of layers of insulation, and the type of scali-ng compound which may be used', the important factor is to provide a moisture impervious seal between the inner surface of the shell and the outer surface of lthe insulation, and what I am seeking to accomplish is to prevent moisture from any outside source to gain admission to the inner space designated at 58.

As clearly shown -in Fig. 2, the lateral layers of insulation at one end of the body form a bay or compartment which is in communication with space 58. y

Within the space 58 -is a cargo chamber designated by the general reference numeral 62 andcomposed of al top waltl 6 4, bottom wall 66, end walls 68 and 70, and side walls 72, 74 all composed of material having a relatively low thermal drop therethrough. The bottom wall 66 is held in spaced relation to the floor 36 by a multiplicity of longitudinally extending stringere 75. The side wallls are held in spaced relation from the plywood Ylayer v43l by a plurality of vertically extending spacers 7:6. While not shown, spacers extend between the top wall v 64 and the underside of thehorizontal plywood layer 48. ,By this arrangement it will be noted that the cargo chamber 62 is held in spaced relationship from each of the inner surfaces of the insulating layers to form a channel or air space about the cargo chamber.

Within its interior the cargo chamber 62 carries a'oor rack 78 composed of a plurality of longitudinally extendling stringers 80, each of which has several lateral openings S2 therein topermit air to flow laterally ben'eaththc Hoor rack 7 8. The upper surface of the iior rack is composed of a plurality of spaced members 845. At its ends and sides, the cargo chamber also vcarries wall racks 85 to permit the flow of air through and about thecargo. The end walll 70 contains a plurality o f openings v86 that form communication between the interior of the chamber 62 and the outer channel or space S8. As will be best seen in Fig. l, a false wall or partition 88 separates the compartment 6 0 from the end of the cargo chamber, but the partitionSS is spaced from the end wall 68 so as to form a channel 90, which, as will be clearly evident; is

in communication with the space within the cargo chamber r62 beneath the oor rack 78 and may also communicate with compartment 60. Supported bythe upper prtion of wall 68 and a part 65 of the top 64is a duct 92 that contains a lter 94; Within the duct 92 is a motor operated fan 96. Designated by reference character 97 is an electrically operated air modifying device which may be either an ozonator or an oxygen consumer. Cooperable with the several openings 86'are a plurality of ,movable dampers 9'8 that are `connected bypivotal links 99 to an operating rod 100. A heavy coil spring 102 which is anchored at 104 is connected to rodV 106. Cooperable with the partition 88 and duct covei-65 is an angular shaped damper 106. The ldamperst` and 106 are connected together by a single operating means shown in detailin Fig. 4. i

Referring to Fig. 4, damper 106 is supported for pivotal movement at 108 and carries a rod 110 that is pivotedat 112 to one end of allink 114. At its other end link1-14 is pivotedv at 116 to a lever 118 that rotates about a pivot 120., A cable 122 which -is 'connected at ori-eend 'to the rod 100 extends o'ver suitable p'ulle'ys '124, 126, "at its othere'hd is connected'to the outer rendof thelever 1518. A second vcable 128 extends from the outer end v of lever 118 to a:lever'130, which as shownin Fig. rl-,vis positioned within the compartment 60 and supported for pivotal movement by a bracket 132. 4As best seen in Fig. E1, the outer end of lever 130 penetrates one `end of the Vcom- -partme'nt 6'0 'and the outer shell and at its outer extreniity A switch 142 v'is positioned in line with the in'ner end of leverj13i) and carries a movable contact 144 lthat is adapted to engage astationary contact 146 when the outer end of lever 130 is pulled downwardly to open dampers and 166. A thermostatic switch 148, that would normally be situated within the cargo chamber 62, is composed of a movable blade 150 and a stationary contact 152. This switch would normally be open when the temperature is above the desired limits, but. would close wijlen` the temperature descends within limits. A battylS; vis connected at its positive pole to a conductor 156 that extendsto blade 159. A conductor 158 extends from Contact 152 to contact 146. A conductor 160 extends from contact 144 to one pole of the solenoid y138, whose other pole is connected to ground, thus completing the circuit tothe battery.

v Within thecomparImBnt 6d, as shown in Fig. l, is a refrigerant evaporator or heat exchange unit 162 of a mechanical lrefrigerating system. A circulating fan 164 is positioned above the evaporator 162 and serves to drive air downwardly over the evaporator.

Aslvshown Fig. 2, there are two evaporator units 162 each being associated witha separate mechanical portion, notshown, but housed Ywithin hoods'166. As more fully disdlosedfinmy ccpending application Ser. No. 136,952, each of the uniis is made removable and may be inserted or withdrawn through doors 168. It will be noted that the machinery portion of each of the units, including the hoods 166,- is contained within machinery compartments 17) that are thermally isol'aied from the compartment 60 as well as from cairgochamber 62.

As 'shown in Fig. l, beneath theevaporators 162 is shown a sheet riietal duct 172 that extends to the space beneath the cargo chamber 62. Extending from the bottom por'tin ofy duct 172 is a traptype drain pipe 174 for draining condensate resulting from the cooling of mstira, 1,.

The operation of the invention disclosed in Figs. 1 4 will now be explained. Assuming that the car has not been lpre-tooled, the mechanicalrefrigerating units are placed in operation, but this forms no part of the present invention. In pre-cooling", the first step is to open the damper/s by pulling down on the outer end of lever 136. This action causes dampers 98 to open and `damper 106 to assume the full linepositim. When lever V is in its lowest position thespringbiased plunger will engage in notch 136 and l will latch the lever. Movement of lever 130 closes switch 142, but because the thermostat 148 is' unsatisfied, switch 150 ishaway from contact 152 and therefore the circuit from battery A154 to solenoid 138 broken, and therefore lever 130 willl be latched with the dampers open.

With the refrigeration apparatus in operation, air is driven from vthe compartment 60 downwardly over the coils 162' andA thence under the bottom floor 66 of the chamber 62 where it will move longitudinally beneath the cargo chamber and laterally and vertically about the sides of the top of the chamber and into the space or channel 58 above the top of the chamber where it will cool the walls of chamber 62 and then return to the compartment 60 to be recircwlated. A large portion of the cooled air passing under the floor 66 passes to the other end wall 70 owing upwardly through the dampers which are now in an open position and with a small portion of the column of air passing into the space above the top of the chamber. The cooled air entering through the openings 86 will ow in and about the load and will then pass downwardly through the product into the openings in the floor racks 78 and pass longitudinally beneath the oor racks to the channel 90 whence it passes upwardly in contact with a wall 68 and the partition 88. With the damper 106 in an open position, as shown, it serves as a baffle and directs the air outwardly into compartment 60 where it is recircul-ated by fan 164. Fan 96 would also be in operation, and while not as effective as fan 164, would nevertheless draw air from the top of the .interior of the chamber 62, and this air would also pass into compartment 60.

After the cargo chamber 'has been loaded and the doors 28 or 30 closed, the pre-cooling operation will continue and the evaporator coils 162, being refrigerated to a very low temperature, will cool the ai1 which is forcibly circulated through the products as well as the space 58 where the cooled air contacts the outer surfaces of chamber 62. It is highly desirable to pre-cool perishables as quickly as possible to thereby retard respiration and evaporation, and this is accomplished by controlling the rate at which the air is refrigerated by evaporator 162, through means which does not form a part of the present invention, but suice to mention that the rate at which moisture is removed from the air passing over the heat exchanger is controlled so as to retain the amount of moisture which is necessary for the particular product being transported or stored. The actual humidity content which is optimum for various foods ranges from substantially 65% to 98% of the dew point.

Assuming the load to be fresh produce which has been recently harvested, it will contain eld heat and as cooled through the respiratory process will consume a limited amount of oxygen from the atmosphere, giving off moisture and carbon dioxide. The moisture content of the atmosphere is controlled by the heat exchanger 162 and carbon dioxide may be removed by the filter 94 which contains soda lime or some other form of CO2 absorber. In this manner both the oxygen and the carbon dioxide content of the air is reduced but the ratio between these gases will remain equal to their relationship in normall air.

Some products have their avors enhanced by a high oxygen content of the atmosphere and when this is necessary the element represented at 97 may be an ozonator. Other products, particularly fats or meats, are best preserved in a low oxygen atmosphere and when that condition is desired, element 97 may be an oxygen consumer, such as an arc lamp or other device which is capable of consuming oxygen. The gas or gases composing the atmosphere in the cargo space should be beneficial to the product being transported. If both oxygen and carbon dioxide are undesirable, the proportions of these gases may be reduced and in that event element 97 would be an arc lamp or other oxygen destroyer used to convert some of the oxygen existing in the isolated atmosphere to carbon dioxide, and the soda-lime filter 94 would act to absorb the carbon dioxide thus formed, together with the smaller proportions of this gas evolving by respiration from the product. It follows that the conjoint action of the two elements would increase the total per centage of the residual nitrogen present in the isolated atmosphere. Nitrogen, being a neutral gas would not harm any product and would tend to reduce the rate of respiration by the product. Thus either a single device or a combination of devices may be used to change or modify the atmosphere that intimately contacts the food.

When the temperature within the cargo chamber reaches the desired low limit, the thermostat 148 will respond and bla-de 150 will engage contact 152 to establish a circuit from battery 154 to the solenoid 138 and retractthe spring biasedV plunger from the notch 136 in lever 130. Spring V102 which has been under tension will cause dampers 98 and 106 to rotate to a closed position, thereby substantially sealing the space within chamber 62 from space 58 and halting the circulation of air through chamber 62. When lever 130 has been rotated by the action of spring 102, its inner end moves away from switch 142, and contacts 144, 146 are separated, thereby de-ehergizin'g the solenoid 138 and permitting the plunger 140 to move out. The circuit is provided as a means of preventing accidentally re-latching lever 130. Thus as long as switch 150 engages contact 152, and lever 130 is pulled down to close switch 142, a circuit will be made to the solenoid 138 and lever 130 cannot be latched. It is assumed that the outer end of lever 130 would be suitably protected against tampering by unauthorized persons and the a'- rangement is provided to permit testing of the dampers to determine their position.

The control of the mechanical refrigerating units is entirely independent of the dampers, and these units or either one of them operate intermittently in response to the temperature within chamber 62. The fan 96 and element 97 are connected to the circuits of the mechanical units and operate when the units or either of them is in operation, but if necessary the fan 96 may be operated on battery current and can be continuously operated. When damper 106 is in the full line position fan 96 draws air upwardly through lter 94 and this air is discharged into compartment 60 in rear of the damper.

Assuming now that the dampers have closed and fans 164 and 96 are still operating. This is a normal condition because it is the intent and purpose of the invention that the mechanical units will continue to operate at least for a short time after the dampers have closed. When this occurs, a new circuit for the air is established. Within chamber 62 fan 96 will gently draw air from the top portions of the chamber which is now discharged through channel 90 between partition 88 and wall 68. The air which is now travelling in a reverse direction from the pre-cooling cycle passes under the oor racks 78 and thence upwardly between the spaced members 84 and the wall racks 85 to prevent stratification. It will also be noted that warmer air is travelling in a concurrent direction to the coldest air and will therefore prevent freezing the product adjacent the lower forward corner of the chamber and will tend to maintain a uniform temperature in chamber 62.

Since the mechanical refrigerating unit and fan 164 are operating, refrigerated air will be circulated in the space 58 exterior to chamber 62,'thereby cooling the exterior of the chamber by conduction through the walls thereof. The mechanical unit is capable of intermittent operation whenever the temperature in chamber 62 rises above a predetermined limit, and thus there will be intermittent circulation of air both in and about the exterior of the chamber. The system which controls the operation of the mechanical unit is capable of modifying or reversing the refrigerant cycle and therefore in the event that the temperature descends below a safe limit the change-over occurs and mildly heated air is circulated through space 58. The system is also capable of intermittently defrosting evaporator 162 and any moisture thus removed can find exit through the drain trap 174.

Referring now to Figs. 5-8, the invention is shown in a slightly modified form. General reference number indicates a truck or trailer body which is adapted to be propelled by means not shown. The body 180 consists of an outer shell having a top 182, a bottom 184, sides 186, 188, a front end 190 and a rear end 192. The cargo loading doors are not specifically shown but in general they would form the main portion of the rear 9 end 192 of parts of either side 186, 188. The vehicle body is supported for movement on wheels 1.94, and -when detached from the prime mover the body is partially supportedby the foldable wheel structure indicated generally at` 196.

Within the interior of the outer shell is one or more suitable layers of insulation 198, which is either impervious to air and moisture, or carries a moisture impervious layer 200 on its outer surface and between the insulation and the outer shell. As was emphasized with respect to the railwayV car, it is important that a moisture impervious seal exist between the inner surface of the shell and the outer surface `of the insulation so that moisture from any source, including humidity in the air, cannot penetrate the shell since many forms of insulation are conductive to moisture. A layer of suitable material, such as plywood or thelike, -is secured to each of the inner surfaces of the insulation and` is indicatedl generally at 202.

A cargo vchamber 204 is mounted within the interior of the body 180 and is composed of-a ioor 206, side walls 208, 210, a front end wall 212,'and a rear end wall 214. The top wall 216, as best seen'in Fig. 6, has its'lo'wer surface tapering inwardly about the outlet end of an air conditioning device to be discussed hereinafter.

While not specifically shown, suitable spacingmernbers are provided between each of the walls, andl thevplywood layer 202 and would permit circulation of air about the outer sides of chamber 204.

As best seen in Fig. 6, a plurality of spacers' 218 extending `longitudinally of they truck body support laterally spaced floor racks 220; Spaced racks 222 are carried o'n the end and side walls to space the cargo away from the walls to permit air to travel through and about the cargo. It should be particularlyV notedr thatthe front end wall 212 extends from a short top wall portion 224 but its lower extremity is'spaced from the oor- 206 to form a passage which will be discussed hereinafter.

The top wall 216 of the cargo chamber contains a plurality of openings 226 which form communication between the interior of the cargo chamber 204 and a space designated generally at 228 which extends about'all sides of the ca'rgo chamber and is equivalent to the space'SS of the railway car. A plurality of dampers 230-asso ciated with openings 226 to control air ilow are connected by links 232 to a rod 234. At one end rod 234 is connected to' a spring 236 which is anchored at 23S. At its other endv rod 234 is connected to a cable 240 which extends over pulleys 242, 244 to a pivotal connecting member 246 that supports a movable damper 248. A short cable 250v extends from the lower portion of member 246 to a lever 252 whose inner end is pivotally mounted on a bracket 254 that is supported on the forward side of wall 212. Beneath the damper 248 and extending the full width of the body is a partition 256;

Supported by wall 212 is a lter or absorber 258 whose inner side communicates with Va duct260. The lower portion 262 of duct 260 extends in the direction of wall 212 and above a channel 264 formed between partition 256 and the front cargo wall 212. A motor driven fan 268 is supported on the interior of duct 260. If desired an air modifier such as element 97 may also be mounted in the duct.

As best seen in Figs. 5, 7 and 8, is an air conditioning device indicated generally at 270 composed of a machinery portion 272 on the exterior of the front end wall 190 and an interior portion 274 shown in enlarged scale in Figs. 7 and 8.

Referring now to Figs. 7 and 8, portion 274 consists of a generally rectangular hollow casing 276 within which is mounted a refrigerant heat exchanger 278. As best seen in Fig. 8, the heat exchanger 278 is centrally disposed within the casing 276 but slightly spaced` from each of the sides thereof, as indicated at 280. In front of the heat exchanger 278 is a fan 282 driven by a shaft 284 that extends from the mechanical portion 272. -Sul'- rounding thewfan is a shroud 286. It will be 'noted by referring to Fig. 5` that the wall 212 encompasses the portion 2774 along a line approximately parallel with the shroud 286 and inl rear of openings 288 in the walls 2 76 so that air is drawn to the fanin front of wall 212. To the rear end of the rectangular casing portion 276 is secured an angularly extending funnel-shaped member 290 that terminates in an` outlet opening 292 abreast the upper portion of the casing so thatair discharged through the heat exchanger 278 is funnelled upwardly and discharged through a relatively narrow opening. A trap type drain pipe 2 94 extends from the lower forward portion of casing 276 for disposing of water resulting from defrosting or dehydration of air., f

The operation of the structure shown in Figs. 5-8 is relatively similar to that shown in Figs. 1 4. During the precooling period lever 252 would be in the lower position shown in Fig. 5 and dampers 230 would be in an open position with respect to the openings 226 to permit a portion of the air from the air conditioning portion 274 to enter the cargo chamber 204, circulating through the produce and thence passing downwardly through the floor racks to the forward end of the chamber where the'major portion will ow upwardly in front of wall 212 and through the opening provided by damper 248, whence the air is drawn into the openings 288 of the air conditioning portion 274 for recirculation. Since motor 268 would also be in operation, a portion of the air would be drawn in through the filter 258 and directed down.- wardly inrear of the lower portion 262 of duct 260 whence this air would also be drawn by the air conditioning device for recirculation. lt should also be understood that a portion ofthe air delivered above the top of the chamber would passth'rough the space 228 about the outer sides of the chamber and since damper 248, when in the position shown in Fig. 5, does not close off the outer space 228, this air will also be continuously recirculated so that the cargo chamber 204 is being cooled on its interior as Well as its exterior.

Although not specifically shown, the control system shown in Fig. 4 would be incorporated in the structure shown in Fig. 5 and when the temperature within the chamber 204V reached the desiredV lower lirnitlever 252 would be released, thereby permitting spring 236 to effect the closing of dampers 230 and 248. Thereafter conditioned air would be circulated about the exterior surface of the cargo chamber, and fan 268 would now initiate a circulation of air within .the interior of chamber 204 in a reverse direction, that is downwardly past the abutment 262 between the walls 212 and 256 under and beneath the floor racks 220, whence this air would again bev drawn inwardly through the tilter 258.

Considering now a portion of the mechanism shown in Figs. 7 and 8, it will be noted that the air is drawn into the heat exchanging portion in front of fan 282 so that mechanical heat resulting from the energy -necessary to drivethe fan is picked up by the heat exchanger 278, thus increasing the efficiency of operation. The sloping funncl-shaped member 290 draws all of th-e discharge air upwardly to the opening 272 where it may pass above the ceiling surface 216. Moreover, the arrangement of wall 212 causes the major portion of the air to pass downwardly beneath the lower limits of this wall, thereby creating-an etlicient circuit for the air. This arrangement contrasts from the disclosure of my Reissue Patent 23,000 where the air is drawn inwardly from the compartment through the rear of the heat exchanger and discharged through the top of the casing with the heat of the fan added to the dischargeair.

Again it is emphasized that the insulationwhich `is immediately inside of the shell must be imperviousgto moisture, or must be sealed against the passage of mois ture, since it is of the greatest importance to prevent the entrance of moisture into the system from any source,

including humidity in the air, as it is a purpose Yof this invention to control the moisture content of the air both within and surrounding the cargo chamber 20,4.k If the load contained considerable moisture, this would either collect on the heat exchanger 278 in thefon'n of frost, or would be precipitated from the atmosphere by contact with the cold surface. T-he mechanical unit is provided with means, not shown, for defrosting the heat exchanger and thus moisture from any source can be disposed of through the drain trap 294. The mechanical unit, while not disclosed here, operates intermittently in response to the temperature within chamber Y204 and, as `has been mentioned previously in connection with Figs. 1-4, is capable of maintaining the temperature within the cargo chamber within desired limits.

The advantages of my invention, in either form as disclosed herein, resides in the method and means of maintaining perishable products such as food in a nearly perfect atmosphere, controlling the temperature and liuhiidity at 4the proper levels, and in providing means to prevent stratification.

Another highly important advantage resides in providing means for regulating the constituents of the at'- mosphere surrounding the food and in contact therewith.

As changes or modifications may be apparent to those skilled in the art, my invention is defined in the terms of the appended claims.

I claim:

l. In a method of treating and preserving fresh perishable food products in transit embodying loading the products within an enclosure whose surfaces are composed of material having a low thermal drop therethrough, coniining a body ofair which envelopes the enclosure and is substantially isolated from heat and moisture exchange with ambient atmosphere, forcibly circulating the confined body of air about the outer surfaces of the enclosure and in lieat exchange relationship with a refrigerant heat exlchanger exterior Yto the enclosure to effect Vcooling and dehydration of the confined body of air, passing a portion of Ithe cooled dehydrated air through the interior of the enclosure and in contact with the products therein for one continuous period during the initial stages of transit to quickly reduce the temperature and rate of respiration of the -products and concurrently remove moisture evolved therefrom, the improvement consisting of completely terminating the interchange of the circulated air with the products and the atmosphere within the enclosure when the temperature of the circulated air has been initially reduced to a predetermined lower temperature to isolate the products from the dehydrated air and permit the products to continue respiration at the lowered temperature within an isolated atmosphere for the remainder of the transit period to avoid further transfer of moisture from the products tothe refrigerant heat exchanger, while continuing the circulation and cooling of the confined enveloping body of air that surrounds the enclosure whenever its temperature exceeds a predetermined maximum temperature to further minimize the respiratory process in the products by thermal transfer through the surfaces of the enclosure, and also absorb heat leakage from the ambient atmosphere.

2. ln a method of treating and preserving fresh perishable food products in transit embodying the steps of loading the products within an enclosure whose surfaces are composed of material having a low thermal drop therethrough, confining a body of air which envelops the enclosure and is substantially isolated from heat and moisture exchange with ambient atmosphere, forcibly circulating the confined body of air about the outer surfaces of the enclosure and in contact With a refrigerant heat exchanger exterior to the enclosure to effect cooling and dehydration of the confined body of air, the improvement consisting of passing a portion of the cooled dehydrated air in diverse paths through the interior of the enclosure and in contact with the products therein for lone continuous period during the initial stages of transit to qu1ckly reduce the temperature of the products and concurrently remove moisture evolved therefrom, thereafter completely terminating the interchange of the circulated air with the products and the atmosphere within the enclosure when the temperature of the circulated air has been initially reduced to a predetermined lower temperature to thereafter isolate the products from the dehydrated air and permit the products to continue respiration at the lower temperature in an isolated atmosphere for the remainder of the transit period to avoid further transfer of moisture from the products to the refrigerant heat exchanger, and lthen circulating the isolated air within the enclosure in other diverse paths within the enclosure to establish a uniform Vcondition of temperature and humidity of the isolated air and to bring said isolated air into contact with the interior surfaces of the enclosure to maintain its ternperature ait substantially the same temperature as the confined air enveloping the enclosure, while continuing the circulation and cooling of the confined enveloping body of air whenever its temperature exceeds a predetermined maximum temperature.

3. In a method of treating and preserving fresh perishable food products in transit embodying the steps of loading the product within an enclosure whose surfaces are composed of material having a low thermal drop'therethrough, confining a body of air which envelops the Venclosure and is substantially isolated from heat and moisture exchange with ambient atmosphere, forcibly circulating the confined body of air about the outer surfaces of the enclosure and in contact with a refrigerant heat 'exchanger exterior to the enclosure to effect cooling and dehydration of the confined body of air, passing a portion of the cooled dehydrated air through the interior of the enclosure and in contact with the product therein for one continuous period during the initial stages of transit to quickly reduce the temperature of the product and concurrently remove moisture evolved therefrom, the improvement consisting of completely terminating the interchange of the circulated air with the product and the atmosphere within the enclosure when the temperature of the circulated air has been initially'reduced to a predetermined lower temperature to isolate the product from the dehydrated body of air and permit the product lto continue respiration at the` lowered temperature for the remainder of the transit period, circulating the isolated air within the enclosure to maintain a uniform condition of temperature and humidity of air in contact with the product, and treating the isolated air within the enclosure to reduce the proportion of gases therein deleterious to the keeping quality of the products, while continuing the circulation and cooling of the confined enveloping body of air Whenever its temperature exceeds a predetermined maximum temperature to maintain the products at a desired temperature by thermal transfer through the surfaces of the enclosure, and also absorb heat leakage from the ambient atmosphere.

4. The method defined in claim 3 in which the isolated air is ozonated to retard bacterial and/ or fungi growth in the product.

5. The method defined in claim 3 in which the isolated air is treated to convert a portion of the oxygen content to carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide content is reduced to increase the proportion of nitrogen present in the atmosphere in contact with the product.

6. In a conditioned air transport vehicle embodying an insulated outer shell, a cargo chamber composed of walls formed of material having a low thermal drop therethrough supported within the shell and in spacedrelation to the inner surfaces thereof to form an integral air duct said last named walls containing an opening therein and constituting respectively an inlet and an outlet for circulated air with respect the drict and the interior of said chamber, a damper operatively associated with said inlet opening and being movable between open and closed positions, means for Variably directing the air within said cargo chamber comprising a ventilated oor rack mounted within said chamber in spaced relation to the lower side thereof and forming an air passage along the lower limits of said chamber, a false wall mounted within the chamber in close proximity with said low pressure zone wall and with its lower limits extending in close proximity with the upper limits of said lloor rack and forming a barrier between the inlet and outlet openings to divert the path of a portion of the air passing,y between said openings downwardly through portions of the floor rack before reaching the outlet opening when said damper is in an open position, said false wall containing an opening adjacent its upper limits, and a blower carried by said vehicle between the loW pressure Zone wall and said false wall and disposed to draw air from the chamber -through the opening adjacent the upper limits of said false wall and discharge the same to the chamber and upwardly through portions of the oor rack when said damper is in a closed position.

7. In a conditioned air transport Vehicle embodying an insulated outer shell, a cargo chamber composed of top, bottom and lateral walls all formed of material having a low thermal drop therethrough supported within the shell and in spaced relation to the inner surfaces thereof forming an integral air duct within the shell and surrounding said chamber, a blower carried by the vehicle within the air duct for circulating the air within said duct, said blower disposed within said duct to form a low pressure zone on the outer side of one of the chamber walls and a high pressure zone on the outer side of another of said chamber walls, each of said last named walls containing an opening therein and constituting respectively an inlet and an outlet for circulated air with respect the duct and the interior of said chamber, a damper operatively associated With each of said openings and being movable between open and closed positions, a ventilated oor rack mounted within the interior of the cargo chamber in spaced relation to the lower side thereof and forming an air passage along the lower limits of said chamber, a false wall mounted within the chamber in close proximity with said low pressure wall and with its lower limits extending in close proximity with the upper limits of said floor rack and forming a barrier between the inlet and outlet openings to divert the path of a portion of the air passing between said openings downwardly through portions of the oor rack before reaching the outlet opening when said dampers are in an open position, said false wall containing an opening adjacent its upper limits, a blower carried by said vehicle between said low pressure chamber wall and said false Wall and disposed to draw air from the chamber through the opening adjacent the upper limits of said false wall and discharge the same to the chamber upwardly through the floor rack when said dampers are in a closed position, and air treating means supported in the path of travel of air with respect said last named blower for modifying the gaseous content of the atmosphere circulated within said chamber.

8. In a transport vehicle embodying an outer shell, a :cargo chamber within the shell supported in spaced relationship to the inner surfaces of the shell to form a channel between the shell and the said chamber, said chamber having an opening forming communication between the `channel and the interior of the chamber, a movable damper associated with said opening and normally biased to a closed position, a linkage connected to said damper, manually operable means connected to said linkage for moving said damper only to an open position, latching means cooperable with a portion of the linkage for holding said damper in an open position, and temperature responsive means operably connected to the latching means and being eiective to release the latching means on a lowering of temperature in said chamber to a predetermined lower temperature, said last named means being effective to maintain the latching means inoperative when the temperature in said chamber is maintained at said predetermined lower temperature.

9. In a transport vehicle embodying an outer shell, a walled chamber within the shell supported in spaced relation to the inner surfaces of the shell to form a channel between the shell and the walled chamber, two spaced apart walls of the chamber each having an opening communicating with the channel, a damper associated with each of said openings and normally biased to a closed position, a linkage connecting said dampers, manually movable means connected to said linkage for moving the dampers only to an open position, latching means cooperable with a portion of the linkage for holding the dampers in an open position, and temperature responsive means operably connected to the latching means and being effective to release the latching means on a lowering of temperature in the walled chamber to a predetermined lower temperature, said last named means being effective to maintain the latching means inoperative when the temperature in the walled chamber is maintained at said predetermined lower temperature.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Re. 23,000 Jones May 11, 1948 1,744,890 Hanrahan Ian. 28, 1930 2,107,400 Stabbal Feb. 8, 1938 2,224,819 Hull Dec. 10, 1940 2,285,946 Kalischer June 9, 1942 2,331,147 Smith Oct. 5, 1943 2,336,242 Hanson Dec. 7, 1943 2,380,386 Crawford July 31, 1945 2,501,141 Plummer et al. Mar. 2l, 1950 2,529,734 Lehman Nov. 14, 1950 2,586,893 Westling Feb. 26, 1952 2,633,714 Webby Apr. 7, 1953 

